Mapping of Pyroclastic Density Currents Hazards and Assessment of Related Risks by AMS Technique in the West-Cameroon Highlands: Case of Bambouto and Bamenda Volcanoes
Merlin Gountié Dedzo *
Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, P.O.Box 55, Maroua, Cameroon.
Ghislain Zangmo Tefogoum
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Maroua, P.O.Box 46, Maroua, Cameroon.
Boris Chako Tchamabé
CONACYT-Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial, Av. Playa Pie de la Cuesta 702, Desarrollo San Pablo, 76125, Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
Eric Martial Fozing
Laboratory of Environmental Geology, University of Dschang, P.O.Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
Emmanuel Njonfang
Laboratory of Geology, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O.Box 47, Yaoundé I, Cameroon.
Pierre Kamgang
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O.Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Ignimbritic flow deposits which derived from pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) are mostly observed in West-Cameroon Highlands located in the central portion of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), especially in Bambouto (21.12 - 0.50 Ma) and Bamenda (27.40 - 0 Ma) volcanoes. These deposits covering approximately 27% (≈195 km2) of the volcanoes surface with thickness ranging from 30 to 200 m representing a total volume estimated at 20 km3. Because of the intense weathering of the ignimbritic formations after their setting up and being buried by basaltic and trachtytic flows, the initial volume of these pyroclastic deposits is really much larger. Soil fertility has fostered an important population growth (more than 1,200,000 people) in these volcanoes. The economic and agropastoral activities on the flanks and inside the caldera of the volcanoes are estimated at about $US7.5 billion. In this paper, we evaluate and realize cartography of the hazards associated to ignimbritic eruptions which are most disastrous in term of volcanic process in this region. Magnetic studies, specifically, Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) method has been utilized for the determination of flow directions in visually nearly isotropic ignimbritic deposits outcrops. The AMS data reported from the Bamenda and Bambouto volcanoes ignimbrites produced significant informations about the depositional scheme of the PDCs. In most sites, magnetic lineations and principally magnetic foliation are reliably parallel to downhill directions, frequently with an upslope imbrication. Inferred palaeoflow directions based on the field indicators, orientation of minerals and other objects in oriented thin sections and the directional AMS data show that Bambouto caldera, Oku crater and Santa-Mbu caldera are the sources of main PDCs of Bambouto and Bamenda volcanoes. These AMS results have aided us to produce a hazard and risks maps related to potential future pyroclastic flows on these volcanoes. The assessment of risks in these volcanoes was based on populations in the study area, infrastructures (houses and roads) and average income of breeding activity.
Keywords: Bambouto and Bamenda volcanoes, ignimbrites, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, hazard and risk maps, assessment